The concept of self-help, which became popular with the wave of New Age ideas, has been the mainstay of the African American community. From the days of slavery, African Americans have had to develop coping skills just to stay alive. At first, self-help for African America was embedded in the spirituals, sermons, faith communities, slave songs, and coded hymns that the white master could not understand. Self-help and adult education are part of the African American cultural heritage, as exemplified by such men as Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. DuBois.
Booker T. Washington believed that African Americans needed first to take care of their survival and safety needs and then worry about the more complex needs of belonging, self-esteem, an
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