The twentieth century, properly beginning during the last few years of the nineteenth century, opened with the Edwardian period and the Georgian period. Leading up to the beginning of the twentieth century, social and aesthetic changes were already marking the passing of the Victorian era. With the aesthetic movement of "art for art's sake" challenging middle-class assumptions about the nature and function of art and with educational reforms increasing literacy, the periodical press experienced rapid growth, and literature became a more pessimistic and skeptical mode of expression. Literature in the beginning of the century, exemplified in Lytton Strachey's Eminent Victorians and Samuel Butler's The Way of All Flesh, openly indicted and iro
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