What Is Down syndrome? Down syndrome is one of the most common birth defects. Usually, children that are born with Down syndrome are born with a condition of mental retardation, as well as different physical features. Many of these children also have other health problems. Each year in the United States, approximately one in every 800 to 1,000 newborns has Down syndrome. This translates to approximately 5,000 children. In the United States today, Down syndrome affects approximately 350,000 people. Based on studies, the maximum a child born today with Down syndrome will only live about 55 years. The most common form of Down syndrome is often called "trisomy 21" because individuals with this condition have three copies of the 21st chromosome
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